Week 16: Light and Shadows in Winter
Fully detailed, ready-to-teach lesson plans for 1st - 2nd Grade, day by day, across all 6 subjects.
Monday — Introducing the Topic: Light and Shadows in Winter
Objective: Student will be introduced to this week's focus skill (Building on kindergarten skills — Prepositions and descriptive language for light, shadow, and darkness) through a warm-up activity tied to Light and Shadows in Winter.
Standard: CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.L.1-2.1 (parts of speech, sentence structure)
Materials: Picture/vocabulary cards related to this week's theme, paper, writing tools
Warm-up: Short discussion or activity introducing Light and Shadows in Winter, connecting to prior knowledge.
Main Activity: 1) Introduce today's key concept related to Building on kindergarten skills — Prepositions and descriptive language for light, shadow, and darkness. 2) Model the skill once with a concrete example tied to Light and Shadows in Winter. 3) Student tries the skill with guidance.
Practice: Student practices the new skill independently with a themed activity or worksheet.
Assessment: Student demonstrates the new skill correctly at least 3 of 4 times with support.
Tuesday — Hands-On Practice: Light and Shadows in Winter
Objective: Student will apply this week's skill (Building on kindergarten skills — Prepositions and descriptive language for light, shadow, and darkness) through a hands-on or written activity connected to Light and Shadows in Winter.
Standard: CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.L.1-2.1 (parts of speech, sentence structure)
Materials: Picture/vocabulary cards related to this week's theme, paper, writing tools
Warm-up: Quick review recapping Monday's skill before new practice.
Main Activity: 1) Set up a themed practice activity related to Light and Shadows in Winter. 2) Student works through 3-4 guided repetitions of Building on kindergarten skills — Prepositions and descriptive language for light, shadow, and darkness. 3) Check in after each repetition with feedback.
Practice: Student completes one additional independent repetition and explains their reasoning.
Assessment: Student completes the task with no more than 1 error.
Wednesday — Comparing and Applying: Light and Shadows in Winter
Objective: Student will compare or apply this week's skill (Building on kindergarten skills — Prepositions and descriptive language for light, shadow, and darkness) in a new context tied to Light and Shadows in Winter.
Standard: CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.L.1-2.1 (parts of speech, sentence structure)
Materials: Picture/vocabulary cards related to this week's theme, paper, writing tools
Warm-up: Brief comparison activity to prime comparative/analytical thinking.
Main Activity: 1) Present two related examples connected to Light and Shadows in Winter. 2) Student compares or applies Building on kindergarten skills — Prepositions and descriptive language for light, shadow, and darkness to both. 3) Discuss the reasoning together.
Practice: Student produces one example (written, drawn, or spoken) showing understanding of Building on kindergarten skills — Prepositions and descriptive language for light, shadow, and darkness.
Assessment: Student correctly compares/applies the skill to 3 of 4 new examples.
Thursday — Sorting and Categorizing: Light and Shadows in Winter
Objective: Student will organize or categorize information related to Light and Shadows in Winter using this week's skill (Building on kindergarten skills — Prepositions and descriptive language for light, shadow, and darkness).
Standard: CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.L.1-2.1 (parts of speech, sentence structure)
Materials: Picture/vocabulary cards related to this week's theme, paper, writing tools
Warm-up: Quick sorting or categorizing warm-up related to the theme.
Main Activity: 1) Provide a themed set of examples related to Light and Shadows in Winter. 2) Student sorts/organizes them using Building on kindergarten skills — Prepositions and descriptive language for light, shadow, and darkness. 3) Discuss any tricky cases together.
Practice: Student adds one new example to a category and explains their reasoning.
Assessment: Student sorts/organizes a new set correctly without help.
Friday — Weekly Review: Light and Shadows in Winter
Objective: Student will review and demonstrate mastery of this week's skill (Building on kindergarten skills — Prepositions and descriptive language for light, shadow, and darkness) connected to Light and Shadows in Winter.
Standard: CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.L.1-2.1 (parts of speech, sentence structure)
Materials: Picture/vocabulary cards related to this week's theme, paper, writing tools
Warm-up: Quick recap of everything practiced this week, in the student's own words.
Main Activity: 1) Revisit each day's activity briefly. 2) Student completes a cumulative mini-assessment combining the week's skill and theme. 3) Preview next week's topic.
Practice: Student shares one thing learned this week with a family member.
Assessment: Student demonstrates the week's key skill (Building on kindergarten skills — Prepositions and descriptive language for light, shadow, and darkness) independently, meeting the weekly goal.
Monday — Introducing the Topic: Light and Shadows in Winter
Objective: Student will be introduced to this week's focus skill (3D shape attributes (faces, edges, vertices)) through a warm-up activity tied to Light and Shadows in Winter.
Standard: CCSS.MATH.CONTENT.1-2.OA / NBT (place value, addition/subtraction within 100)
Materials: Manipulatives or counters, number line/place-value chart, paper for recording
Warm-up: Short discussion or activity introducing Light and Shadows in Winter, connecting to prior knowledge.
Main Activity: 1) Introduce today's key concept related to 3D shape attributes (faces, edges, vertices). 2) Model the skill once with a concrete example tied to Light and Shadows in Winter. 3) Student tries the skill with guidance.
Practice: Student practices the new skill independently with a themed activity or worksheet.
Assessment: Student demonstrates the new skill correctly at least 3 of 4 times with support.
Tuesday — Hands-On Practice: Light and Shadows in Winter
Objective: Student will apply this week's skill (3D shape attributes (faces, edges, vertices)) through a hands-on or written activity connected to Light and Shadows in Winter.
Standard: CCSS.MATH.CONTENT.1-2.OA / NBT (place value, addition/subtraction within 100)
Materials: Manipulatives or counters, number line/place-value chart, paper for recording
Warm-up: Quick review recapping Monday's skill before new practice.
Main Activity: 1) Set up a themed practice activity related to Light and Shadows in Winter. 2) Student works through 3-4 guided repetitions of 3D shape attributes (faces, edges, vertices). 3) Check in after each repetition with feedback.
Practice: Student completes one additional independent repetition and explains their reasoning.
Assessment: Student completes the task with no more than 1 error.
Wednesday — Comparing and Applying: Light and Shadows in Winter
Objective: Student will compare or apply this week's skill (3D shape attributes (faces, edges, vertices)) in a new context tied to Light and Shadows in Winter.
Standard: CCSS.MATH.CONTENT.1-2.OA / NBT (place value, addition/subtraction within 100)
Materials: Manipulatives or counters, number line/place-value chart, paper for recording
Warm-up: Brief comparison activity to prime comparative/analytical thinking.
Main Activity: 1) Present two related examples connected to Light and Shadows in Winter. 2) Student compares or applies 3D shape attributes (faces, edges, vertices) to both. 3) Discuss the reasoning together.
Practice: Student produces one example (written, drawn, or spoken) showing understanding of 3D shape attributes (faces, edges, vertices).
Assessment: Student correctly compares/applies the skill to 3 of 4 new examples.
Thursday — Sorting and Categorizing: Light and Shadows in Winter
Objective: Student will organize or categorize information related to Light and Shadows in Winter using this week's skill (3D shape attributes (faces, edges, vertices)).
Standard: CCSS.MATH.CONTENT.1-2.OA / NBT (place value, addition/subtraction within 100)
Materials: Manipulatives or counters, number line/place-value chart, paper for recording
Warm-up: Quick sorting or categorizing warm-up related to the theme.
Main Activity: 1) Provide a themed set of examples related to Light and Shadows in Winter. 2) Student sorts/organizes them using 3D shape attributes (faces, edges, vertices). 3) Discuss any tricky cases together.
Practice: Student adds one new example to a category and explains their reasoning.
Assessment: Student sorts/organizes a new set correctly without help.
Friday — Weekly Review: Light and Shadows in Winter
Objective: Student will review and demonstrate mastery of this week's skill (3D shape attributes (faces, edges, vertices)) connected to Light and Shadows in Winter.
Standard: CCSS.MATH.CONTENT.1-2.OA / NBT (place value, addition/subtraction within 100)
Materials: Manipulatives or counters, number line/place-value chart, paper for recording
Warm-up: Quick recap of everything practiced this week, in the student's own words.
Main Activity: 1) Revisit each day's activity briefly. 2) Student completes a cumulative mini-assessment combining the week's skill and theme. 3) Preview next week's topic.
Practice: Student shares one thing learned this week with a family member.
Assessment: Student demonstrates the week's key skill (3D shape attributes (faces, edges, vertices)) independently, meeting the weekly goal.
Monday — Introducing the Topic: Light and Shadows in Winter
Objective: Student will be introduced to this week's focus skill (Building on kindergarten skills — Light sources and how shadows form; comparing shadow length) through a warm-up activity tied to Light and Shadows in Winter.
Standard: NGSS 1-LS/1-ESS/2-LS/2-ESS
Materials: Theme-related materials or pictures, observation journal, writing tools
Warm-up: Short discussion or activity introducing Light and Shadows in Winter, connecting to prior knowledge.
Main Activity: 1) Introduce today's key concept related to Building on kindergarten skills — Light sources and how shadows form; comparing shadow length. 2) Model the skill once with a concrete example tied to Light and Shadows in Winter. 3) Student tries the skill with guidance.
Practice: Student practices the new skill independently with a themed activity or worksheet.
Assessment: Student demonstrates the new skill correctly at least 3 of 4 times with support.
Tuesday — Hands-On Practice: Light and Shadows in Winter
Objective: Student will apply this week's skill (Building on kindergarten skills — Light sources and how shadows form; comparing shadow length) through a hands-on or written activity connected to Light and Shadows in Winter.
Standard: NGSS 1-LS/1-ESS/2-LS/2-ESS
Materials: Theme-related materials or pictures, observation journal, writing tools
Warm-up: Quick review recapping Monday's skill before new practice.
Main Activity: 1) Set up a themed practice activity related to Light and Shadows in Winter. 2) Student works through 3-4 guided repetitions of Building on kindergarten skills — Light sources and how shadows form; comparing shadow length. 3) Check in after each repetition with feedback.
Practice: Student completes one additional independent repetition and explains their reasoning.
Assessment: Student completes the task with no more than 1 error.
Wednesday — Comparing and Applying: Light and Shadows in Winter
Objective: Student will compare or apply this week's skill (Building on kindergarten skills — Light sources and how shadows form; comparing shadow length) in a new context tied to Light and Shadows in Winter.
Standard: NGSS 1-LS/1-ESS/2-LS/2-ESS
Materials: Theme-related materials or pictures, observation journal, writing tools
Warm-up: Brief comparison activity to prime comparative/analytical thinking.
Main Activity: 1) Present two related examples connected to Light and Shadows in Winter. 2) Student compares or applies Building on kindergarten skills — Light sources and how shadows form; comparing shadow length to both. 3) Discuss the reasoning together.
Practice: Student produces one example (written, drawn, or spoken) showing understanding of Building on kindergarten skills — Light sources and how shadows form; comparing shadow length.
Assessment: Student correctly compares/applies the skill to 3 of 4 new examples.
Thursday — Sorting and Categorizing: Light and Shadows in Winter
Objective: Student will organize or categorize information related to Light and Shadows in Winter using this week's skill (Building on kindergarten skills — Light sources and how shadows form; comparing shadow length).
Standard: NGSS 1-LS/1-ESS/2-LS/2-ESS
Materials: Theme-related materials or pictures, observation journal, writing tools
Warm-up: Quick sorting or categorizing warm-up related to the theme.
Main Activity: 1) Provide a themed set of examples related to Light and Shadows in Winter. 2) Student sorts/organizes them using Building on kindergarten skills — Light sources and how shadows form; comparing shadow length. 3) Discuss any tricky cases together.
Practice: Student adds one new example to a category and explains their reasoning.
Assessment: Student sorts/organizes a new set correctly without help.
Friday — Weekly Review: Light and Shadows in Winter
Objective: Student will review and demonstrate mastery of this week's skill (Building on kindergarten skills — Light sources and how shadows form; comparing shadow length) connected to Light and Shadows in Winter.
Standard: NGSS 1-LS/1-ESS/2-LS/2-ESS
Materials: Theme-related materials or pictures, observation journal, writing tools
Warm-up: Quick recap of everything practiced this week, in the student's own words.
Main Activity: 1) Revisit each day's activity briefly. 2) Student completes a cumulative mini-assessment combining the week's skill and theme. 3) Preview next week's topic.
Practice: Student shares one thing learned this week with a family member.
Assessment: Student demonstrates the week's key skill (Building on kindergarten skills — Light sources and how shadows form; comparing shadow length) independently, meeting the weekly goal.
Monday — Introducing the Topic: Light and Shadows in Winter
Objective: Student will be introduced to this week's focus skill (Building on kindergarten skills — Comparing winter routines across different regions and cultures) through a warm-up activity tied to Light and Shadows in Winter.
Standard: C3 Framework D2.Civ/D2.Geo/D2.Eco.K-2
Materials: Theme-related picture cards or reference materials, map/chart as needed, paper
Warm-up: Short discussion or activity introducing Light and Shadows in Winter, connecting to prior knowledge.
Main Activity: 1) Introduce today's key concept related to Building on kindergarten skills — Comparing winter routines across different regions and cultures. 2) Model the skill once with a concrete example tied to Light and Shadows in Winter. 3) Student tries the skill with guidance.
Practice: Student practices the new skill independently with a themed activity or worksheet.
Assessment: Student demonstrates the new skill correctly at least 3 of 4 times with support.
Tuesday — Hands-On Practice: Light and Shadows in Winter
Objective: Student will apply this week's skill (Building on kindergarten skills — Comparing winter routines across different regions and cultures) through a hands-on or written activity connected to Light and Shadows in Winter.
Standard: C3 Framework D2.Civ/D2.Geo/D2.Eco.K-2
Materials: Theme-related picture cards or reference materials, map/chart as needed, paper
Warm-up: Quick review recapping Monday's skill before new practice.
Main Activity: 1) Set up a themed practice activity related to Light and Shadows in Winter. 2) Student works through 3-4 guided repetitions of Building on kindergarten skills — Comparing winter routines across different regions and cultures. 3) Check in after each repetition with feedback.
Practice: Student completes one additional independent repetition and explains their reasoning.
Assessment: Student completes the task with no more than 1 error.
Wednesday — Comparing and Applying: Light and Shadows in Winter
Objective: Student will compare or apply this week's skill (Building on kindergarten skills — Comparing winter routines across different regions and cultures) in a new context tied to Light and Shadows in Winter.
Standard: C3 Framework D2.Civ/D2.Geo/D2.Eco.K-2
Materials: Theme-related picture cards or reference materials, map/chart as needed, paper
Warm-up: Brief comparison activity to prime comparative/analytical thinking.
Main Activity: 1) Present two related examples connected to Light and Shadows in Winter. 2) Student compares or applies Building on kindergarten skills — Comparing winter routines across different regions and cultures to both. 3) Discuss the reasoning together.
Practice: Student produces one example (written, drawn, or spoken) showing understanding of Building on kindergarten skills — Comparing winter routines across different regions and cultures.
Assessment: Student correctly compares/applies the skill to 3 of 4 new examples.
Thursday — Sorting and Categorizing: Light and Shadows in Winter
Objective: Student will organize or categorize information related to Light and Shadows in Winter using this week's skill (Building on kindergarten skills — Comparing winter routines across different regions and cultures).
Standard: C3 Framework D2.Civ/D2.Geo/D2.Eco.K-2
Materials: Theme-related picture cards or reference materials, map/chart as needed, paper
Warm-up: Quick sorting or categorizing warm-up related to the theme.
Main Activity: 1) Provide a themed set of examples related to Light and Shadows in Winter. 2) Student sorts/organizes them using Building on kindergarten skills — Comparing winter routines across different regions and cultures. 3) Discuss any tricky cases together.
Practice: Student adds one new example to a category and explains their reasoning.
Assessment: Student sorts/organizes a new set correctly without help.
Friday — Weekly Review: Light and Shadows in Winter
Objective: Student will review and demonstrate mastery of this week's skill (Building on kindergarten skills — Comparing winter routines across different regions and cultures) connected to Light and Shadows in Winter.
Standard: C3 Framework D2.Civ/D2.Geo/D2.Eco.K-2
Materials: Theme-related picture cards or reference materials, map/chart as needed, paper
Warm-up: Quick recap of everything practiced this week, in the student's own words.
Main Activity: 1) Revisit each day's activity briefly. 2) Student completes a cumulative mini-assessment combining the week's skill and theme. 3) Preview next week's topic.
Practice: Student shares one thing learned this week with a family member.
Assessment: Student demonstrates the week's key skill (Building on kindergarten skills — Comparing winter routines across different regions and cultures) independently, meeting the weekly goal.
Monday — Introducing the Topic: Light and Shadows in Winter
Objective: Student will be introduced to this week's focus skill (Building on kindergarten skills — Identifying story elements (character, setting, events) in a winter tale) through a warm-up activity tied to Light and Shadows in Winter.
Standard: CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RL.1-2 / RI.1-2
Materials: A book or passage related to this week's theme, graphic organizer
Warm-up: Short discussion or activity introducing Light and Shadows in Winter, connecting to prior knowledge.
Main Activity: 1) Introduce today's key concept related to Building on kindergarten skills — Identifying story elements (character, setting, events) in a winter tale. 2) Model the skill once with a concrete example tied to Light and Shadows in Winter. 3) Student tries the skill with guidance.
Practice: Student practices the new skill independently with a themed activity or worksheet.
Assessment: Student demonstrates the new skill correctly at least 3 of 4 times with support.
Tuesday — Hands-On Practice: Light and Shadows in Winter
Objective: Student will apply this week's skill (Building on kindergarten skills — Identifying story elements (character, setting, events) in a winter tale) through a hands-on or written activity connected to Light and Shadows in Winter.
Standard: CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RL.1-2 / RI.1-2
Materials: A book or passage related to this week's theme, graphic organizer
Warm-up: Quick review recapping Monday's skill before new practice.
Main Activity: 1) Set up a themed practice activity related to Light and Shadows in Winter. 2) Student works through 3-4 guided repetitions of Building on kindergarten skills — Identifying story elements (character, setting, events) in a winter tale. 3) Check in after each repetition with feedback.
Practice: Student completes one additional independent repetition and explains their reasoning.
Assessment: Student completes the task with no more than 1 error.
Wednesday — Comparing and Applying: Light and Shadows in Winter
Objective: Student will compare or apply this week's skill (Building on kindergarten skills — Identifying story elements (character, setting, events) in a winter tale) in a new context tied to Light and Shadows in Winter.
Standard: CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RL.1-2 / RI.1-2
Materials: A book or passage related to this week's theme, graphic organizer
Warm-up: Brief comparison activity to prime comparative/analytical thinking.
Main Activity: 1) Present two related examples connected to Light and Shadows in Winter. 2) Student compares or applies Building on kindergarten skills — Identifying story elements (character, setting, events) in a winter tale to both. 3) Discuss the reasoning together.
Practice: Student produces one example (written, drawn, or spoken) showing understanding of Building on kindergarten skills — Identifying story elements (character, setting, events) in a winter tale.
Assessment: Student correctly compares/applies the skill to 3 of 4 new examples.
Thursday — Sorting and Categorizing: Light and Shadows in Winter
Objective: Student will organize or categorize information related to Light and Shadows in Winter using this week's skill (Building on kindergarten skills — Identifying story elements (character, setting, events) in a winter tale).
Standard: CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RL.1-2 / RI.1-2
Materials: A book or passage related to this week's theme, graphic organizer
Warm-up: Quick sorting or categorizing warm-up related to the theme.
Main Activity: 1) Provide a themed set of examples related to Light and Shadows in Winter. 2) Student sorts/organizes them using Building on kindergarten skills — Identifying story elements (character, setting, events) in a winter tale. 3) Discuss any tricky cases together.
Practice: Student adds one new example to a category and explains their reasoning.
Assessment: Student sorts/organizes a new set correctly without help.
Friday — Weekly Review: Light and Shadows in Winter
Objective: Student will review and demonstrate mastery of this week's skill (Building on kindergarten skills — Identifying story elements (character, setting, events) in a winter tale) connected to Light and Shadows in Winter.
Standard: CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RL.1-2 / RI.1-2
Materials: A book or passage related to this week's theme, graphic organizer
Warm-up: Quick recap of everything practiced this week, in the student's own words.
Main Activity: 1) Revisit each day's activity briefly. 2) Student completes a cumulative mini-assessment combining the week's skill and theme. 3) Preview next week's topic.
Practice: Student shares one thing learned this week with a family member.
Assessment: Student demonstrates the week's key skill (Building on kindergarten skills — Identifying story elements (character, setting, events) in a winter tale) independently, meeting the weekly goal.
Monday — Introducing the Topic: Light and Shadows in Winter
Objective: Student will be introduced to this week's focus skill (Plural noun spelling rules (-s, -es, -ies)) through a warm-up activity tied to Light and Shadows in Winter.
Standard: CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RF.1-2.3 (phonics and word analysis)
Materials: Word list for the week, letter tiles or whiteboard, paper
Warm-up: Short discussion or activity introducing Light and Shadows in Winter, connecting to prior knowledge.
Main Activity: 1) Introduce today's key concept related to Plural noun spelling rules (-s, -es, -ies). 2) Model the skill once with a concrete example tied to Light and Shadows in Winter. 3) Student tries the skill with guidance.
Practice: Student practices the new skill independently with a themed activity or worksheet.
Assessment: Student demonstrates the new skill correctly at least 3 of 4 times with support.
Tuesday — Hands-On Practice: Light and Shadows in Winter
Objective: Student will apply this week's skill (Plural noun spelling rules (-s, -es, -ies)) through a hands-on or written activity connected to Light and Shadows in Winter.
Standard: CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RF.1-2.3 (phonics and word analysis)
Materials: Word list for the week, letter tiles or whiteboard, paper
Warm-up: Quick review recapping Monday's skill before new practice.
Main Activity: 1) Set up a themed practice activity related to Light and Shadows in Winter. 2) Student works through 3-4 guided repetitions of Plural noun spelling rules (-s, -es, -ies). 3) Check in after each repetition with feedback.
Practice: Student completes one additional independent repetition and explains their reasoning.
Assessment: Student completes the task with no more than 1 error.
Wednesday — Comparing and Applying: Light and Shadows in Winter
Objective: Student will compare or apply this week's skill (Plural noun spelling rules (-s, -es, -ies)) in a new context tied to Light and Shadows in Winter.
Standard: CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RF.1-2.3 (phonics and word analysis)
Materials: Word list for the week, letter tiles or whiteboard, paper
Warm-up: Brief comparison activity to prime comparative/analytical thinking.
Main Activity: 1) Present two related examples connected to Light and Shadows in Winter. 2) Student compares or applies Plural noun spelling rules (-s, -es, -ies) to both. 3) Discuss the reasoning together.
Practice: Student produces one example (written, drawn, or spoken) showing understanding of Plural noun spelling rules (-s, -es, -ies).
Assessment: Student correctly compares/applies the skill to 3 of 4 new examples.
Thursday — Sorting and Categorizing: Light and Shadows in Winter
Objective: Student will organize or categorize information related to Light and Shadows in Winter using this week's skill (Plural noun spelling rules (-s, -es, -ies)).
Standard: CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RF.1-2.3 (phonics and word analysis)
Materials: Word list for the week, letter tiles or whiteboard, paper
Warm-up: Quick sorting or categorizing warm-up related to the theme.
Main Activity: 1) Provide a themed set of examples related to Light and Shadows in Winter. 2) Student sorts/organizes them using Plural noun spelling rules (-s, -es, -ies). 3) Discuss any tricky cases together.
Practice: Student adds one new example to a category and explains their reasoning.
Assessment: Student sorts/organizes a new set correctly without help.
Friday — Weekly Review: Light and Shadows in Winter
Objective: Student will review and demonstrate mastery of this week's skill (Plural noun spelling rules (-s, -es, -ies)) connected to Light and Shadows in Winter.
Standard: CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RF.1-2.3 (phonics and word analysis)
Materials: Word list for the week, letter tiles or whiteboard, paper
Warm-up: Quick recap of everything practiced this week, in the student's own words.
Main Activity: 1) Revisit each day's activity briefly. 2) Student completes a cumulative mini-assessment combining the week's skill and theme. 3) Preview next week's topic.
Practice: Student shares one thing learned this week with a family member.
Assessment: Student demonstrates the week's key skill (Plural noun spelling rules (-s, -es, -ies)) independently, meeting the weekly goal.